Near or next to. • From one side of something to the other, passing close by; past. • Not later than (the given time); not later than the end of (the given time interval); before. • After a given amount of time has elapsed or a given event has occurred. • Indicates the person or thing that does or causes something: Through the action or presence of. • Following a passive verb. • Following a noun. • Following an adjective. • Indicates the creator of a work: Existing through the authorship etc. of. • Indicates a means of achieving something: Involving/using the means of. • Indicates an authority according to which something is done. • Invokes an authority in an oath. • Indicates a means of classification or organisation. • Indicates the amount of change, difference or discrepancy • In the formulae X by X and by Xs, indicates a steady progression, one X after another. • [with the] Acted on in units of the specified size or measure. (Sometimes hyperbolically) • Per; with or in proportion to each. • Indicates a referenced source: According to. • Used to separate dimensions when describing the size of something. • Multiplied by or (chiefly South Asia) divided by. • Designates a horse's sire (“male parent”). • At; with; among. • In a windward direction, sailing near to the direction from which the wind is blowing.